Design And Construction Of The Luis I Bridge Engineering Essay

Opened in October 1886, the Luis I Bridge is a shaped Fe trussed arch span which spans the Douro River between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. Designed by the Belgian applied scientist Th ophile Seyrig, in coaction with L opold Valentin ; it was, at the clip of its building, the longest arch span in the World, at 172m [ 1 ] , and remains the longest spanning Fe arch to this twenty-four hours. It represents the swan vocal of wrought Fe Bridgess as at the start of the twentieth century stronger steel of more consistent quality would about wholly replace the usage of wrought Fe in span building. The new span was commissioned in 1881 to replace an ailing suspension span at the same location ; Seyrig designed a double-deck arch span with one deck at the top of the arch resting on wharfs and the 2nd deck at the degree of the abutments, hanging from sinews ( Fig. 1 ) . The two decks have seen a assortment of lading over their life ; originally both decks were designed to transport route traffic, the lower deck briefly carried trolley coachs but is now a individual carriageway route, the upper deck was converted in 1905 to transport ropewaies and widened in 1931 to add a 2nd path. 2 Aestheticss The aesthetic analysis of a span is mostly subjective, Fritz Leonhardt attempted to rationalize the aesthetic design of Bridgess in 1982 with the publication of his book, Br cken, which sets out ten cardinal points that should be considered during design. 2.1 Fulfilment of Function This relates to how good the span divulges the manner it works ; in the Luis I bridge the arch is the chief structural component through which forces are carried. This is evident from looking at the span as the arch is the most significant member. Truss structures in general are peculiarly indicative about the manner they carry tonss, and the Luis I bridge is no exclusion. The structural honestness of the span is called into inquiry where the arch meets the masonry abutments ; it appears as though the top member of the arch passes directly into the abutments but the abutments are non able to defy the high minute this would bring forth, so the top member of the arch must be lightly stressed at its utmost terminals. On closer review it can be seen that the concluding diagonal members on both sides of the arch are of more significant cross-section ( Fig. 2 ) in order that they are able to transport all of the force in the top rim of the arch down to the pinned connexion at the terminal of the bottom rim. Figure 2: Forces transferred to bottom rim Sometimes, one facet of a span s aesthetics must be sacrificed in favor of another ; in the Luis I bridge the truss which forms the upper deck is of uninterrupted deepness along its length, but the attack spans are notably longer than the subdivisions which make up the chief span. Functionally, the applied scientist could hold designed the attack spans to be deeper than the chief span but this break to the horizontal line of the deck would hold been to the hurt of the aesthetics of the construction as a whole. 2.2 Proportion As discussed above, the upper deck is deeper than it needs to be ; proportionately this contrasts aggressively with the lower deck which is significantly more slight despite crossing an equal distance. This difference is non adequately explained by the grounds already discussed. The upper deck may good hold been designed to get by with a higher burden than the lower deck ; surveies have shown that, prior to the transition of the upper deck to light rail, the upper deck carried about double the traffic of the lower deck [ 2 ] . Furthermore, at the clip that Seyrig was planing the Luis I bridge he had merely finished the building of the Maria Pia Bridge ( 1877 ) , designed in concurrence with Gustave Eiffel, which was to transport a train line over the same river. It is possible that the upper deck of the Luis I bridge was designed to transport develop tonss should it be converted to that intent in the hereafter, as so it was. The structural systems for the upper and lower decks differ greatly which may lend to the disparity in their deepness ; the lower deck is a lattice through truss with traffic running within the truss itself whilst the upper deck is a brown deck truss where the deck is placed on top of the truss girder. The province of emphasis within the two decks besides differs as the bottom deck is used to bind the arch and therefore is capable to a high initial tensile burden ; the advantage of shaped Fe as a building stuff was its affinity for tensile tonss and it may be that this excessively contributes to the reduced deck deepness. The rise to cross ratio of the arch is 1:4 ; this is chiefly dictated by the dimensions of the gorge in which the span sits, but the consequence is an arch of typical masonry proportions [ 3 ] which offers the feeling of stableness. 2.3 Order within the Structure A sense of order is given to the span by the repeat of the truss elements throughout the lift. Although the lower deck uses a somewhat different type of truss, the crossed elements are still present to keep the order within the span. When viewed closer up, the members are seen to be composed themselves of multiple elements, and from oblique angles the criss-crossing of these members can look disordered ( Fig. 3 ) . The wharfs and tenseness roads which support the two decks line up to cut down the figure of perpendicular lines and divide the span into equal parts. They are sufficiently near together so as non to do the arch appear otiose, but no so near as to herd the span with perpendicular lines. 2.4 Polishs of Design Polishs refer to the subtle inside informations within the span which can hold a momentous consequence on the overall entreaty of the construction. In the Luis I bridge the wharfs taper towards the top ( Fig. 4 ) which adds position by doing the towers appear less compact and prevents the optical fast one of the wharfs looking to be wider at the top than they are at the underside. In the attack spans where the perpendicular infinite beneath the upper deck is greatest, the deck spans a greater distance in order to keep the aspect ratio of the infinites under the deck. The aspect ratio of the crossed brace in the arch is besides maintained ; where the divergent parabolic curves, which make up the top and bottom rims of the arch, dispersed apart the distance between verticals is increased to maintain the crosses make fulling a approximately square form. Equally good as being aesthetically delighting, this serves the structural intent of maintaining the members inclined at an angle where they can execute at maximal efficiency. As antecedently mentioned, the single members which make up the trusses are themselves tied box subdivisions ( see Fig. 2 ) , this gives the construction elation, both in footings of its overall weight and besides aesthetically by cut downing the ratio of solid to nothingnesss and doing the members seem more slender. However, this elation comes at the disbursal of order. Figure 3: Disorder Figure 4: Tapering wharfs 2.5 Integration into the Environment Pivotal to the aesthetic success of a span is how good is tantrums into its environment ; the arch signifier used for the Luis I bridge is peculiarly good suited to utilize in the deep gorge, and fills the infinite good. Despite the size of the construction, it looks comfy in its environment. The girder which forms the upper deck has no obvious terminal but alternatively gives the feeling of unifying into the hillside ; this makes the span seem like an built-in portion of the gorge. 2.6 Colour of Components Though originally unpainted ( Fig. 5 ) the span now has as gray-blue coating which allows the span to intermix good into the sky, this has the consequence of doing the muss of the truss less obvious and contributes to the members looking more slender. The broadening of the upper deck in 1931has led to the creative activity of a dark line of shadow which serves to pull the oculus off from the deep truss underneath. Figure 5: Original design without pigment 2.7 Aesthetic Decisions The Luis I bridge is a construction of great beauty and much consideration has obviously been given to aesthetics in its design. Despite this, as no point has structural efficiency been forfeited for strictly aesthetic grounds. The structural public presentation of the span will organize the following subdivision of this paper. 3 Structural Behaviour In 1881 the Lusitanian authorities invited the stamp for a new span over the Douro River ; the chief challenge of the strategy was that there could be no intermediate wharfs placed in the river. This was due to high H2O deepnesss of more than 12m, insecure land conditions and a high tidal scope in the river [ 4 ] which would hold made building exceptionally hard. A figure of strategies were proposed and the winning strategy, designed by Th ophile Seyrig, consisted of a tied parabolic arch of shaped Fe building, 172m in span, back uping two truss girder decks ( Fig. 6 ) . Seyrig was familiar with the usage of wrought Fe holding worked closely with Gustave Eiffel in the design of other shaped Fe Bridgess such as the Maria Pia span ( 1877 ) . In this new venture he sought to bring forth a design which would take full advantage of the mechanical belongingss provided by shaped Fe. Figure 6: Elevation The arch is connected to the upper and lower decks, by wharfs and sinews severally, in merely four topographic points ; as a consequence of this the arch is capable to flexing minutes even when the decks are uniformly loaded. Wrought Fe is a stuff which performs good in tenseness and it is apparent the interior decorator expected the stuff in the lower rim of the arch to be in tenseness at all times. A polish of the Maria Pia design was the usage of the lower deck to bind the arch and so cut down horizontal burden of the hapless quality land at the abutments. A farther going from case in point was the usage of divergent parabolic curves to make an arch more slender at the vertex, where it is 7m in deepness, than at the supports ( 17m ) . The alteration was made because of jobs encountered during the building of the Maria Pia span, which has a semilunar arch ; whilst the first subdivisions of the arch were being built out from the abutments it had proved troublesome to supply equal support for them utilizing overseas telegrams and presenting had had to be employed [ 4 ] . In the Luis I bridge the arch is much deeper at the supports hence leting the first subdivisions to be erected more firmly and at less cost, it was a technique which would be used about 40 old ages subsequently during the building of the Sydney Harbour Bridge ( 1923 ) . The long deep gorge through which the Douro flows is characterised by high air currents ; the unfastened truss system used for the Luis I bridge reduces the lading consequence of the air current by restricting the country on which the air current can move. Eiffel frequently used cannular subdivisions where possible in his Bridgess to increase the aerodynamic public presentation of his designs [ 5 ] , but Seyrig chose non to make so in the design of the Luis I bridge, presumptively to do the connexions more straightforward. The connexions are riveted together, in pattern this mean that the articulations have some minute capacity but as the elements will still move preponderantly axially, the connexions in the truss can be modelled as pins without presenting excessively much mistake into the analysis. At the clip of the span s building, there was much argument over the comparative virtues of pinned or riveted connexions in span building [ 6 ] ; whilst the riveted truss was of superior efficiency, pinned trusses could be assembled faster and cheaper utilizing simple tools and techniques. The connexion to the abutments is by manner of a rotational articulation at the utmost terminals of the lower rim of the arch ( Fig. 7 ) . This means that the arch can be considered a two-pin arch and will be analysed consequently. Figure 7: Foundation connexion In 2004 a survey was undertaken to measure the current province of the span [ 1 ] and some samples were removed and tested. It is usual to use measured stuff belongingss, where available, in span appraisal instead than conservative characteristic values ; tensile trials on removed subdivisions of shaped Fe from the span yielded a tensile strength of 397Mpa. Testing to happen compressive strength was non performed so a value of 270MPa will be assumed. 4 Construction Seyrig was a innovator in the hard-on of Fe Bridgess, to the point that he wrote a paper on the topic which was presented at the Institution of Civil Engineers ( ICE ) in 1881 [ 6 ] . In it, Seyrig inside informations his strong belief that the building methods employed in the hard-on of Fe Bridgess has the largest impact on their overall economic system, safety and lastingness. For the Luis I bridge, as with the Maria Pia span, Seyrig chose to use a method of building which least required the usage of immaterial contraptions, viz. hard-on by overhang. In this technique the lasting construction of the span itself is used to back up the building of more distant subdivisions. The paradigm for this method of span building was the Requejo Bridge designed by Jos Ribera ( Fig. 8 ) . Figure 8: Requejo Bridge, Spain In the Luis I bridge the attack spans were foremost constructed on both sides of the river until the upper deck girder protruded about 30m beyond the chief wharfs which mark the start of the arch. The girders were pushed out on a set of four rollers which sat on top of each wharf ( Fig. 9 ) . Figure 9: Peal setup The arch was so built out as a series of premade subdivisions which were tied back with steel-wire ropes to a point on the upper deck girder. The whole arch was constructed utilizing merely two ropes on each side of the arch, so it was necessary to be able to rapidly travel a overseas telegram once it has been superseded by a overseas telegram farther along the arch ; for this intent the overseas telegrams were connected merely to the top rim of the arch utilizing a rounded shoe ( Fig. 10 ) under which the uninterrupted rope was fed. Whilst most of the subdivisions were erected with all of their constituents in topographic point, the last few panels were put up with the top rim and some of the diagonal brace removed in order that they should be every bit light as possible. Once the two halves of the arch had met and the cardinal linking piece inserted, the losing constituents were so added to the lightened subdivisions. Figure 10: Cable to curve connexion The work was performed to such truth that in program the two halves of the arch met precisely, but in lift both sides were about 350mm excessively high. This was done intentionally as it was decided that there was possible for the two halves to be excessively low in which instance it would hold been really hard to raise them. Provision was made for take downing the arches to their right place by the remotion of a certain figure of dramatis personae Fe cuneuss which had been placed beneath the overseas telegram connexions. Once the two halves of the arch had been connected it was of import to slow off the steel overseas telegrams instantly as a bead in temperature could hold caused the overseas telegrams to shorten and bring on emphasiss into the arch. With the arch in topographic point the midget wharfs could so be erected and the upper deck girder placed on top. Precisely the same procedure was used for the building of the Maria Pia span and is shown schematically in Fig. 11. The lower deck would hold been added last, merely by crossing between the wrought Fe sinews, impermanent intermediate overseas telegrams may hold been added to cut down the hogging minutes caused by cantilevering out. Figure 11: Erection by overhanging 5 Loading The Luis I span was built before design standardization had to the full emerged ; accordingly it was likely designed to whatever lading the applied scientist deemed to be sensible. It was besides built at a clip when the Equus caballus drawn passenger car was the prevailing agencies of conveyance ; Karl Benz built the first true car in 1885. For the intents of this study the span will be analysed under its current loading conditions in conformity with BS-5400 [ 7 ] . Partial burden factors, as detailed in Table 1, will be applied to nominal tonss so combined to give the worst possible burden conditions. Table 1: Partial burden factors [ 8 ] Load Type Partial Load Factor ( ? Florida ) Stressing Relieving Dead 1.05 1.0 Super-imposed Dead 1.75 0 Live Traffic 1.5 0 Wind 1.1 0 5.1 Dead Tonss The structural elements of the span are of shaped Fe building with a denseness of? = 7700kg/m2. The entire weight of the span is equal to 29841kN [ 9 ] which is about distributed as shown in Table 2. Table 2: Unfactored dead tonss Arch 76kN/m Upper Deck 31kN/m Lower Deck 23kN/m 5.2 Super-Imposed Dead Loads ( SID ) Super-imposed dead tonss are the non-structural inactive tonss on the span such as route coatings, illuming and street furniture. They have a high burden factor ( 1.75 ) to reflect the strong likeliness of them altering over the life-time of the span ; they may besides be removed wholly should the span be capable to major plants, though were this the instance, traffic tonss would about surely be reduced. Suggested tonss given in Table 3 correspond to a 200mm bed of asphalt route surface. Table 3: Unfactored SID Upper Deck 38kN/m Lower Deck 28kN/m The values are different because the two decks are of different breadth ; the upper deck is 8m broad and the lower deck is 6m. 5.3 Live Traffic Loads The lower deck carries route traffic ; at 6m broad it can be considered to hold two fanciful lanes. Eq. ( 1 ) gives the unrecorded traffic lading per metre per lane ( HA ) : w=151 ( 1/L ) ^0.475 ( 1 ) L is the laden length which in this instance is 172m so the end point unfactored burden over two lanes is 26.2kN/m. A knife border burden ( KEL ) of 120kN should besides be added, placed to bring forth maximal extra emphasis. In this case HB burden has non been considered as the entree routes to the lower deck would be unpassable by really big vehicles and the newer, high-ranking span near by, which is crossed by a double carriageway, would be the more suited path. The upper deck carries light rail traffic, each train has an unfactored weight of 2000kN [ 2 ] and a length of 70m. The trains move really easy on the span such that dynamic effects can be discounted. 5.6 Worst Case Loads For the arch, worst instance flexing minutes occur when the arch is non-uniformly loaded ; this corresponds to to the full factored dead, SID, and unrecorded tonss on one half and unfactored dead loads merely on the other side ( Fig. 12 ) . For the upper deck, two trains go throughing at one-fourth span have been considered. Worst instance shear tonss would be caused by to the full factored dead, SID and unrecorded tonss at all points on the span. Figure 12: Worst instance lading agreement 6 Analysis In this subdivision, the worst instance burdens calculated antecedently will be applied to the construction to determine whether the end point emphasiss are within the tolerances of the stuffs. 6.1 Arch The chief structural constituent of the span is the tied arch. For the intents of this study it will be modelled as a two pin arch, with the lading agreement in Fig. 12 simplified to four point tonss ( Fig. 13 ) . Figure 13: Simplified arch tonss By taking minutes about the point A, the perpendicular reactions are found to be: VA = 21691.2kN and VB = 14644.8kN. 6.1.1 Flexibility Analysis To happen the horizontal push produced by the arch a flexibleness analysis was performed by let go ofing the horizontal reaction at B and using the unit burden method to happen the attendant supplanting at B ( ? B, H ) and the flexibleness coefficient ( a11 ) . Eq. ( 2 ) can so be used to happen the value of horizontal push: _ ( B, H ) +a_11 H=0 ( 2 ) B, H and a11 are found by incorporating the minute in the arch with regard to the discharge length which is rather complex, but the job can be simplified by presuming that the I value of the arch changes around its profile such that I = I0sec ( ? ) , where I0 is the 2nd minute of country at the vertex of the arch [ 10 ] . Ultimately it can be shown that the value of horizontal push is given by Eq. ( 3 ) , where a is the horizontal distance from A to the point at which the force is moving, H is the tallness of the arch, L is the span and W is the magnitude of the force. Multiple forces can be superposed together to acquire a concluding value of push of 21946.9kN. H_1= ( 5W_1 a ) / ( 8hL^3 ) ( L^3+a^3-2La^2 ) ( 3 ) 6.1.2 Line of Thrust The deliberate information for tonss and reactions were used to plot a thrust line for the arch under worst instance lading conditions ( Fig. 14 ) . Figure 14: Thrust line From this secret plan, the minute at any point in the arch can be calculated as the eccentricity of the thrust line multiplied by the horizontal force. The minutes in the arch are shown in Fig. 16 ; maximal drooping minute is 148.8MNm and occurs at 36m from A, maximal hogging minute is 125.9MNm and occurs at 131m from A. For the intents of this study, it will be assumed that flexing forces in the arch are resisted by the top and bottom rims, whilst the diagonal brace resists shear forces ; any axial forces are shared amongst all the members. The force in the rim required to defy the maximal minute detailed in Fig. 15 is equal to the minute divided by the deepness of the truss which yields a force of 14.2MN. Figure 15: Moment in arch This burden consequences in emphasiss of 133.2Mpa in each of the four arch girders ; tenseness in the lower girders and compaction in the upper girders, which is good under the stuff capacity. Axial compaction due to the arch form must besides be considered ; by declaration of the reactant forces in the supports, it can be shown that an axial compaction of 30MN is carried in the arch. Split amongst the entire country of wrought Fe available in the subdivision, this consequences in an extra compressive emphasis of 74.7Mpa. In the tenseness rim this acts as a relieving emphasis which reduces the overall emphasis to 58.5Mpa ( tenseness ) . In the compaction flange the emphasiss sum up to give a entire emphasis of 207.9Mpa, which is nearing but still below the stuff compressive strength of 270Mpa. Metallic members are frequently susceptible to clasping under high compressive tonss. Eq. ( 4 ) was used to happen the burden required for the arch members to clasp. F_e= ( p^2 EI ) / ? L_eff? ^2 ( 4 ) The effectual length was taken to be the span between diagonal brace elements as it was assumed that the cross brace would supply sufficient parturiency to forestall buckling over a longer length. The burden at which clasping would happen was found to be 136MN which corresponds to a emphasis good above the compressive strength of the stuff, so failure would ne'er happen through buckling. f3 values were non considered in the burden computations for the arch as the analysis methods used will ensue in rather high mistake, the excess capacity within the stuff, as shown above, histories for the deficiency of truth in the analysis techniques. 6.1.3 Shear in Arch Equally good as flexing minutes, the tonss on the arch besides induce shear forces which are carried in the diagonal brace members. Worst instance shear theoretically occurs under maximal burden possible which would be 13488kN applied at the four point burden locations on the arch. Moments under this burden scenario were calculated utilizing the thrust line method and so shear forces were found by distinction of the minutes. The consequence, shown in Fig. 16, predicts a maximal shear force of 7242.8kN located at 35m from point A. The shear force is resisted by the diagonal brace elements which act together, one in tenseness and one in compaction. The force in each brace member must be 5121.4kN which corresponds to tensile or compressive emphasiss of 194.7MPa. Figure 16: Maximal shear in arch 6.2 Temperature Effectss Particularly in excess constructions like two pin arches, little strains caused by temperature alterations can bring on important emphasiss into the construction as the constructions tend to be less flexible. As the Luis I bridge is a tied construction there should non be a high temperature difference between its elements, but overall temperature alterations should be considered. In the arch, a rise in temperature would ensue in the arch seeking to spread out ; confined by the wharfs, this would do minute in the arch which would be carried as tenseness in the top rim and compaction in the bottom rim. This would move as a alleviating action from the dead and unrecorded burden so should non do a job. A bead in temperature, on the other manus, would ensue in extra compressive emphasiss in the top rim which is already extremely compressed. The upper deck is exposed to the most direct sunshine, and the solid route surface puts the underside into shadiness so there may be a high temperature gradient which would ensue in emphasiss. The fluctuation in temperature throughout the subdivision in the forenoon period is shown in Fig. 17 where 0 C corresponds to ambient temperature. Figure 17: Temperature difference in upper deck The thermic enlargement coefficient ( a ) for wrought Fe is 12 strain/ C, utilizing e=a? T the strain due to the temperature gradient is shown in Fig. 18. Generation of these values by the Young s modulus of 185GPa gives the emphasiss besides detailed in Fig. 19. Figure 18: Strains ( left ) and emphasiss ( right ) The rollers on top of the chief wharfs, as discussed in subdivision 4, now act as roller bearings which allow the deck girder to lengthen and so relive some of these emphasiss. The emphasiss cut down by the mean emphasis value which in this instance is 6.6MPa ; this now produces the emphasis profile shown in Fig. 19. Figure 19: Extra temperature emphasiss The emphasiss in Fig. 19 correspond to a changeless minute over the length of the upper deck. As the deck is uninterrupted over the wharfs there is no demand to see an extra minute to guarantee the minute at the supports remains equal to zero. 6.3 Wind Effectss Porto lies on the Atlantic seashore of Portugal and so it can be assumed that it is capable to rather high air currents, the span itself besides sits in a gorge which will hold a funnelling consequence on the air current. The arch itself is trussed so as to catch small air current, but the decks, when high sided vehicles base on balls over them, will hold a big jutting country and so may be capable to high air current burden. This is peculiarly true of the lower deck because it is a through truss so the unfastened construction offers no advantage. Suspended as it is by tenseness rods, the lower deck may be extremely susceptible to weave induced effects. Assuming a average hourly air current velocity of 34m/s, akin to the velocities found on the Atlantic seashore of the UK, the maximal air current blast ( vC ) on the span can be found from Eq. ( 5 ) to be 52m/s, where K1 and S2 are factors harmonizing to BS-5400 and S1 is a funnelling factor taken to be 1.1. v_C=vK_1 S_1 S_2 ( 5 ) Horizontal air current burden can now be found utilizing Eq. ( 6 ) , A1 is taken as the jutting country presuming high-sided trucks are traversing the span. When the deck is to the full loaded the truss is obscured so the retarding force coefficient can merely be calculated utilizing the b/d ratio. The consequence is a sidelong force of 1.6MN which must be resisted by the deck. P_t=0.613? v_C? ^2 A_1 C_D ( 6 ) Without cognizing the under-structure of the lower deck it is hard to measure how this burden is carried, but it is assumed that a cross braced truss tallies underneath the deck and prevents the deck from flexing laterally. The air current can besides ensue in dynamic effects such as galloping and waver ; these effects tend to most affect suspension Bridgess because of their built-in flexibleness. The lower deck of the Luis I bridge, which is suspended by sinews, would be the most likely to endure from these effects but some facets of its design provide stiffness against them. The sinews are able to transport compaction every bit good as tenseness, and are cross braced to supply torsional stiffness ; coupled with the truss moving longitudinally this gives the span stiffness in all of the planes in which the effects of aerodynamic instability might move. There are besides huge sums of riveted connexions within the span to supply muffling against quivers. 7 Fatigue The Luis I bridge is over 100 old ages old and has hence been capable to a high sum of lading rhythms, it seems prudent hence to give some consideration to its fatigue public presentation. The span is located near to the sea and so is considered to be in a marine environment ; wrought Fe is regarded as holding a lower opposition to corrosion than other common building stuffs of the clip like dramatis personae Fe [ 11 ] , corrosion is worst around possible wet traps like connexions where hapless care can take to interfacial corrosion ( Fig. 20 ) . The riveted connexions are besides prone to tire failure because clefts can organize during fiction and the pluging action can ensue in local work indurating around the studs. Figure 20: Interfacial corrosion In a survey performed by Fernandes et Al, samples of stuff, including a riveted connexion, were removed from the span and analysed to happen their mechanical belongingss [ 2 ] , besides performed were ace growing surveies, notch stamina proving and an analysis of metallurgical content. This information was used to happen the figure of lading rhythms the assorted constituents of the span would be able to defy. By presuming that merely trucks cause fatigue burden and that one truck represents one rhythm of lading it was calculated that the span had exhausted merely 10 % of its fatigue life and that staying fatigue life was greater than 100 old ages. The survey besides considered the usage of the upper deck for light rail and concluded that one train was the equivalent of four burden rhythms and that residuary life was less than 10 old ages. Consequently the span was retrofitted and reinforced before the new tube line was allowed to go through over it.

Karl Marx’ views Essay

For Karl Marx, poverty is the outcome of the rampant class inequality that the society is suffering today. The working class, whom Karl Marx advocates, is the ones who are actually earning the money for the society (Nafziger & Auvinen, 2003). They are the ones who actually deserve to get much of the gains, rather those who are capitalizing from their labor. Marx stressed that capitalists are the ones bringing disarray in the society because they are actually contributing lesser work as compared to the laborers, yet they are getting most of the gains. In order to correct this, Marx strongly advocated the abolishing of capitalism and replaces it with communism. For him, it could be a way to alleviate poverty in the society today, rather than just letting the capitalists sit around and wait for the harvest of their money’s fruit, rather than giving the laborers the real fruits of their labors. In Marx’ belief, capitalism has been the root of the great class divide, the widening gap between different social strata, where the poor and the rich are distinctively apart from each other. This is because of the fact that a great part of the gains goes to the pockets and the bellies of the capitalists, who are theoretically â€Å"getting even richer,† the fact that they are the ones who have the money. On the other hand, the laborers, the ones who are exerting greater effort as compared to these capitalists, are not getting anywhere the definition of rich at all, hence, they are having the difficulty to cope with the increasing cost of living, thus worsening their status, with them experiencing the â€Å"poor is getting poorer† part. Looking closely at Marx’ ideas, you could see that it could also be about freedom. It is being able to freely produce and receive what is rightfully yours, as for the part of the laborers, for their efforts, their hard work to be reciprocated with enough pay (Kohl & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Development Centre. , 2003). It is about how the true â€Å"money-earners† – the laborers, be able to control various circumstances that could benefit them, and not the capitalists. They will be able to create a free society where their hard work will be equal to a good life for them and their families. Because of this, the society will be a better place as conceived by Marx. It will be an exploitation-free society, in the same time it will do away with oppression, racism, unemployment, war, from poverty and inequality.

Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities in a Global Environment

The need for expansion remains one of the most crucial objectives for any business organization. In addition to dominating the domestic make, certain organization desire to explore wider markets which cause them to work on projects which involve venturing into the foreign markets (Amoako, 2003).   Internationalization of operations is always accompanied by a number of challenges which could be attributed to the dynamic nature of the foreign market areas. According to Cairns and Sliwa 2008), the dynamic nature leads to occasional changes in the consumer preferences, prices of products, variations in customer and supplier bargaining power as well as changes in both the company and host country policies. In order to have a good grip of the foreign markets, it is therefore vital for business organizations to put in place the right strategies. These strategies are always aimed at enhancing the competitive levels of the company within the global environment. Additionally, when companies put in place the right approaches to operation, they are likely to enhance sustainability and hence be able to stay relevant in such environments despite the noted challenges. This essay highlights and discusses some of the challenges faced by business organizations and managers while operating in a global environment. The discussion shall also entail some of the opportunities that may be established within the global fonts which the business organization could take advantage of in order to achieve international success. The study derives illustrations from Qantas Airways which one of the leading multinational corporations not only in Australia but in the world. Through the review of literature as the main qualitative approach to data collection, the discussion shall therefore focus on some of the challenges faced by the mentioned company in its bid to gain international stability in the ever changing global environment. In a bid to ensure the stability of its market base, an organization needs to conduct a thorough feasibility test and hence establish some of the possible obstacles to global development (Cantwell and Narula, 2004). At the same time, it is a fact worth noting that the challenges to international development may not have a holistic solution in the near future due to the fact that they take various trends as days go by. However, a good understanding and projection of these challenges could play a crucial role in helping managers come up with the most effective counter measures. To begin with, one of the most common challenges to operating in a global environment is the aspect of changes in the political atmosphere as one move from country to another. While some countries enjoy a relatively stable political environment, there are those areas characterized by political turmoil which in turn cause instability in a number of aspects (Calof, 2009). For instance, the political atmosphere within a given country largely influences the nature of governance. The government structure and the leadership approaches in turn influence the kind of policies put in place to control a number of aspects within the country which also includes control of international investors, business practices as well as product prices just to mention but few. The policies implemented by a government, for instance the ones meant to govern business operations, play a pivotal role in defining the business environment both for the local as well as the foreign investors. Consequently, stringent government polices tend to minimize the scope of operations for the foreign investors which proves to be one of the challenges to associated with operating in a global environment.   According to Caves (2006), the policies may require the organization to employ only a given number of foreign employees. This implies, before venturing into the global market, the organization has to identify and initiate the locals employees into the businesses’ mission and vision, an aspect which is not only time consuming but also involves the use of a lot of resources. It can therefore be deduced that a bad political atmosphere leads to an unstable leadership structure characterized by unfavorable business policies which act as obstacles to smooth operations in a global environment (Cox, 2007). However, in markets where the policies are conducive, the foreign investors are accorded an opportunity to expand their operations since these regulations are supportive enough for business growth. V ariations in political trends from one country to another explain why Qantas Airways continues to struggle in a bid to establish its base in certain countries across Europe, Asia and in Africa. Secondly, there is the aspect of infrastructure. In most developed countries, the level of infrastructural development is at a relatively advanced stage.   This implies that there is easy movement of people and resources from one place to another due to the good network of roads and other forms of transport (Dicken, 1998). Operating in such environments is quite a manageable task for the international organizations. For instance, the good transport systems in most countries Europe, America and Asia explain why Qantas has been able to enhance sustainability in these areas. Additionally, the good communication systems have remained pivotal in enhancing communication between the organization’s management and its clients in addition to the communication aspects involving aerial operations, traffic control and flight control just to mention but few (Dunning, 2003). The good infrastructural developments in these countries have offered a perfect opportunity for Qantas Airways to es tablish its operations in these global environments. However, the level of development of roads and communication systems remains a challenge in most developing countries especially in Africa and some parts of Europe. The poor transport management systems hinder the free movement of customers and employees to and from the airport. For instance, poor road systems lead to the occurrence of jams which may occasionally result in inconveniences especially when the clients are unable to catch their flight on time (Flyvbjerg, 2001). Consequently, the airways have lost some of its clients to alternative modes of transport as a result of such challenges. Thirdly, the aspect of customer bargaining power in addition to the common changes in consumer preferences may acts as another challenge to operating in a global environment.   As stated by Freeman (2010), the unexpected changes in the consumer needs make the global environment quite unpredictable and may easily result in the company losing its customers to a rival supplier. The customer’s bargaining power involves the standards forwarded by the clients with respect to their ability to pay for the services. When the clients bargaining power exceeds the minimal requirements stated by the organization, the final return on investments is likely to be low. Consequently, there would be a need to strike a balance between the client’s bargains and the prices stated by the company. This ensures that both parties gain at the end of the day. The absence of this balance is the root cause of losses incurred by a company. At the same time, the consumer needs keep changing as one m oves from one environment to another. These needs may be attributed to changes in weather, economic status and complexity of flights just to mention but few. When the clients present needs that are beyond the organization’s strength to achieve, there is the likely occurrence of low consumer satisfaction which in turn reduces loyalty. Low customer loyalty is a major challenge to the stability of a foreign organization’s market base. On the other hand,   good business-consumer relations enable a close knit between an organization and its customers. This makes it easy to establish the client feedbacks as well as their changing needs.   Qantas Airways may harness this opportunity to maintain a competitive edge by predicting the changes in consumer preferences and hence adjusting its products and services to fit these needs. The fourth challenge is the presence of competitors in the global market. Qantas Airways, despite being one of the largest industries in the world faces challenges from other effective service providers including Airbus and Singapore Airlines just to mention but few. Additionally, there is also the challenge of the emergence of smaller airlines which offer similar services but at relatively lower prices with the aim of capturing as many clients as possible (Friedman, 2006). The presence of other service providers in the global environment goes a long way in increasing its capacity and instead decreasing the profitability. For instance, when a market comprise several organizations offering the same products and services, customers are likely to weigh and hence pick the most affordable alternatives (Harrison, 2011). This becomes a challenge to international organizations especially in cases where the level of customer loyalty is low. The organizations therefore divide the market and a company gets its clients depending on the level of competitiveness and the effectiveness of the strategies implemented. In order to attain and retain global dominance, it would be crucial for the organization to put in place the most effective strategies. The strategy here ought to involve a careful analysis of the impending challenges and taking advantage of the possible opportunities in bid to cut a competitive edge in the dynamic global market.   One of the core approaches ought to be the conduction of a thorough feasibility test. This approach enables the organization to have in depth understanding of the nature of the foreign market, the variations in the clients’ cultural and social attributes as well as the changes in economic levels (Hartt and Durepos, 2012).   A good understanding of each of these aspects would therefore enable the organization to come up with the right counter measures aimed at curbing the challenges and increasing sustainability. There is an inevitable need for flexibility in the approaches of operation within a global market. For instance, there customer preferences keep changing from time to time based on a number of factors. It would therefore be vital for Qantas Airways to occasionally alter its products and services in order to fit the changing client needs. This could be achieved by altering the product prices, making the planes more spacious and adjusting the fight departures. By studying the trends in the consumer behavior, it is possible to identify their specific needs. The company can then focus on satisfying these needs which leads to customer loyalty and hence market stability despite the high level of competition (Harvey, 2007). Furthermore, the international organization needs to monitor the political trends, the nature of governance and hence the nature of the government policies. Before introducing new products, like new flight schedules, new planes and higher capacity carriers, it would be v ital for the organization to know the effects that the current policies would have on such new projects. Good policies allow for innovation and development while stringent ones hinder effective development. Consequently, Qantas Airways can focus its operations in global environments which are characterized by supportive government polices of international organizations (Johnson and Turner, 2010). The study above reveals a number of challenges which could be associated with managing a business in a global environment. These include changing customer preferences, government policies, level of infrastructure as well as the presence of competitors. As a result, business organizations intending to remain relevant in the dynamic corporate market ought to stay aggressive with its strategies and approach to management. Implementing the right business practices would enhance organizational sustainability in the global environment. Amoako, G. (2003) ‘The relationships among selected business environment factors and manufacturing strategy: insights from an emerging economy’, Omega, 31(1), pp. 287-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   301. Cairns, G. and Sliwa, M. (2008) A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book about International Business, London: Sage Publication. Cantwell, J. and Narula, R. (2004) ‘International business and the eclectic paradigm: developing the OLI framework’, Journal of International Business Studies, 35(1), 456 -458. Calof, J. (2009) ‘Adapting to foreign markets: explaining internationalization’, International   Business Review, 4(2), pp. 115-130. Caves, E. (2006) Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, 2 nd Edn., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Cox, D. (2007) Risk taking and information handling in consumer behaviour – an intensive of two cases’ in Cox, D. (ed.) Risk taking and information handling. Boston, MA: Harvard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press Dicken, P. (1998) Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy, 3 rd Edn., New York: Guilford Press. Dunning, J. (2003) Multinational enterprise and the global economy, Addison-Wesley   Publishers, England, Viewed 7 April 2016. Flyvbjerg, J. (2001)  Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Freeman, R. (2010) Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Friedman, T. (2006) The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, California: Farrat, Straus, and Giroux. Harrison, A. (2011) ‘International Entry and Country Analysis’, A lecture programme delivered    at technical university of Kosice, viewed 7 April 2016. Hartt, C. and Durepos, G. (2012) ‘Markets, organizations, institutions and national identity: Pan American Airways, postcoloniality and Latin America’. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 8(1), pp. 14 – 36. Harvey, D. (2007). A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press. Johnson, D. and Turner, C. (2010) International Business, 2 nd Edn., London: Routledge.

The differences between Americas mass incarceration rates compared to Research Paper

The differences between Americas mass incarceration rates compared to one other country - Research Paper Example This essay compares US and Canada incarceration rate and the costs, in an attempt to provide viable recommendation on how the government should conduct its incarceration. Incarceration refers to the arrest of suspected criminals before their conviction and to confine them from the public. Incarceration in US was started as a security measure that aimed at safeguarding the public from potential criminals. The US imprisons many types of criminals including drug offenders and non-violent offenders. This situation is different in Canada as the government imprisons only those with high risk of violence. Statistics shows that the US has five times higher the rate of incarceration as compared to Canada. Approximately, the US incarcerates about 750 people per every 100 thousand which is much than the rate Canada which about 117 people per every 100 thousand individuals. In total, there are about 1.6 million prisoners in America. 90% of the prisoners in the US comprise young males at the age bracket of 20 to 30 years. In Canada, 70% of males of young age are in prison, and the rest is composed of women. By race, the percentage of blacks and Latinos in prison is much higher than that of the whites. Per every 100 thousand people in US, 3,074 blacks, 1258 Latinos are imprisoned while only 459 whites are victims (Cox, 2012). This is different in Canada where the ratio of whites to blacks in prison is fairly balanced. From the statistics, it is clear that the incarceration rate is much higher in US and more biased than the case in Canada. Evidently, the US spends a lot in maintaining their prisons as compared to Canada. Many scholars have come up to criticize the hefty spending of the US in maintaining prisons. The average cost of maintaining a prisoner is between $20 thousand and $30 thousand each year. Canada prisoner maintenance cost is much lower by 30%, which ensure that the nation spends little on incarceration. This shows that the US

Textual analysis about What Every Soldier Should Know Essay

Textual analysis about What Every Soldier Should Know - Essay Example The atmosphere that the reader gets into at first is the ever-present threat of death and the psychologically torturing situations of the American soldiers on their daily life.In this text, Brian Turner uses figurative language, clichà © and other textual strategies to capture the attention of the reader and make the poem more meaningful as well as clear. I will analyze these strategies and the emotions they present to the reader. In the first stanzas, the author narrates about some common practices, which according to the title of this poem is something that every soldier should know about it. In addition, this inspires the reader to feel that these instructions are a way of showing respect to the Arabic culture and that the soldiers must be familiar with this culture as well as the optimum techniques to deal with it. According to the writer â€Å"If you hear gunfire on a Thursday afternoon, it could be for a wedding, or it could be for you.† (Turner, 609).The author mentions some Arabic practices that are present in the Arabic world such as use of gunfire celebration in the wedding, which the foreigners may misunderstand and act in the wrong way, in the process causing serious problems to the American soldiers. This stanza represents the Arab culture in general and every soldier should know about it.The atmosphere that the readers create when they read this stanza, is that there are some common cultu ral practices that the soldiers should know about the Arabic world which normally are not acknowledged. Since they are so close to the Arabic cultural practices daily, the American soldiers must know that they are strangers to this world and they ought to deal with these practices in a proper way to avoid any severe consequences. My take here is that the American soldiers ought to learn this atmosphere and respect others. The author uses some words to represent a common phrase, which help the soldiers to be in the safe side in the Arabic world. Furthermore, this

People, Place and Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

People, Place and Environment - Essay Example Heavy Industrialization, increased, automobile use, increased usages of fertilizers, chemicals and pesticides in agricultural lands, dumping of toxic substances like e-wastages, deforestation etc are polluting, our environment in many ways. In fact people contribute heavily to the global warming and climate changes problems. If we continue to pollute our environment and places in the same rate as we do now, all life forms in this world could be destroyed in near future itself. This paper analyses the connection between people, place and the environment and the ways in which people are destroying the environment. â€Å"The issue of global climate change and what to do about it has put economics to a severe test in which economists have been challenged to think afresh about how to model such fundamental notions as risk, uncertainty, and discounting†(Weitzman, p.703). It is difficult for us to avoid the growth of agriculture or industries in order to preserve the environment. At the same time it is possible for us to reduce the environmental problems caused by our own injudicious activities. For example, plastic is one of the major villains which cause huge problems to the environment. It should be noted that unlike many of the other materials, plastic may not be destroyable after use. In other words, plastic has the ability to survive the natural biodegradation process. Thus accumulation of plastic may takes place in the environment because of its ability to survive for longer periods. People have the habit of using plastic carry bags while they purchase something from shopping malls.

Decriminalization, drug maintenance and harm reduction Essay

Decriminalization, drug maintenance and harm reduction - Essay Example Thus it is time to seek alternative approach in combating drug abuse. Among such alternatives are: decriminalization, harm reduction, and drug substitution and maintenance. Decriminalization is the process of making an action no longer a criminal act in the relevant jurisdiction. While decriminalized acts are no longer crimes, they may still be the subject of regulation; for example, the licensing and regular medical testing of prostitutes, or a monetary penalty in place of a criminal charge for the possession of a soft drug. (Decriminalization, 2006). The decriminalization of drugs is a complicated issue embracing numerous distinct moral/ethical and practical strands which can, possibly, be summarized thus: (a) Whose body is it anyway Where do I start and the government begins What gives the state the right to intervene in decisions pertaining only to my self and contravene them (Valnin, n.d.). However, most studies shoed that decriminalization could the best weapon against drug abuse. For example, in the case of marijuana, findings from dozens of government-commissioned and academic studies published over the past 25 years overwhelmingly affirm that l iberalizing marijuana penalties will not caused an increase in marijuana utilization or influence a teenager perception of drug use. Since 1973, 12 state legislatures -- Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Ohio and Oregon -- have enacted versions of marijuana decriminalization. In each of these states, marijuana users are no longer jailed when caught possessing marijuana (Marijuana Decriminalization & Its Impact on Use, 2002). Harm reduction Another alternative would be to replace unsuccessful laws and policies with harm-reduction strategies, which center on reducing the societal costs of drug abuse and other drug use. Techniques include education to avoid overdose, needle exchange programs to reduce the spread of blood-borne diseases. Addressing drug use as part a public health issue rather than a criminal one would be beneficial in the long run (Zinberg, 1984; Drug Abuse, 2006). The central idea of harm reduction is the recognition that some people always have and always will engage in behaviors which carry risks, e.g. casual sex, illicit substance use. Harm reduction aims to lessen the potential harm linked with these behaviors without attempting to prohibit the behaviors. Therefore, no one should be denied of health care services simply due to the fact that they take risks. Furthermore, harm reduction seeks a social justice response to illegal drug use, in contrary to a criminalizing one (Harm reduction, 2006). Drug substitution and maintenanceAnother alternative to unsuccessful laws and policies is drug substitution and maintenance. These approaches have a long history however. The logic behind is that of harm reduction: if some people are unable to quit using drugs, both users and society at large benefit if these users, i.e., addicts, are able to switch from "black market" drugs of indeterminate quality, purity and potency to legal drugs, of known purity and potency, obtained from physicians, pharmacies and other legal channels (Drug substitution

Diploma Paper on Asthma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Diploma Paper on Asthma - Essay Example In my practice, however, I have seen some patients who are in such a phase that the patient experiences some degrees of airways obstruction daily. Prevalence: Asthma is very common; it is estimated that 4% to 5% of the population is affected with this condition. It occurs in all ages but predominantly seen in early life. About 50% of the cases develop before the age of 10, and another 33% occur before age 40. In childhood, there is a 2:1 male to female ratio, but this sex ratio equalises by age 30 (Neri, M. and Spanevello, A., 2000). Normal Anatomy: The larynx opens into a tube called trachea. This is approximately 5 to 6 inches long, and it is supported and kept open by a series of C-shaped rings of cartilage stacked one upon the other and open at the dorsal aspect. The area between the adjacent cartilages and between the tips of the cartilage contains connective tissue and smooth muscle. The trachea, thus, furnishes an open passageway for both incoming and outgoing air. Its ciliated lining cells also filters air and removes particulate matters before it enters the bronchi, brushing mucus-entrapped particles to the pharynx to be swallowed. The trachea branches into two primary bronchi, which have the same structure as the trachea. The bronchi become smaller and smaller as they extend towards the lungs, and eventually, their diameter is reduced to about 1 mm. At this point structurally, they seem to lack cartilages that were evident in the upper parts of the tract ( Frechette, E. and Deslauriers, J., 2006). When they start lacking the cartilaginous rings, these are termed as bronchioles. Bronchioles are composed entirely of smooth muscles supported by connective tissues. They, likewise, continue to branch and sub-branch until they form the smallest air passages, the terminal bronchioles. The branching and rebranching pattern of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles constitute a conducting network within the lung referred to as bronchial tree. The terminal bronchioles enter into the alveoli supplying inhaled air and receiving exhaled air (Begueret, H., Berger, P., Vernejoux, J. M., Dubuisson, L., Marthan, R., and Tunon-de-Lara, J. M., 2007). Control of Airway Caliber: Human lungs receive cholinergic, adrenergic, and peptidergic efferents and several types of efferents. These innervations by the autonomic nerves regulate many aspects of airway function. It has been suggested that the neural control of the airways may be abnormal in asthmatic patients, and neurogenic mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of asthma. The parasympathetic nervous system is the dominant neuronal pathway in the control of airway smooth muscle tone. Stimulation of cholinergic nerves causes bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and bronchial vasodilatation (Janssen, L.J., Wattie, J., Lu-Chao, H., and Tazzeo, T., 2001). Sympathetic nerves may control tracheobronchial blood vessels. Although no sympathetic innervations of human airway smooth muscles have been demonstrated, beta-adrenergic receptors are abundant in the airway smooth muscles, and activation of these receptors causes bronchodilation. Inhibitory non-adrenergi c, non-cholinergic nerves (NANC) containing vasoactive intestinal peptides and nitric oxide may be the only neural bronchodilator pathways in the airways. Thus, the classical view with one excitatory (cholinergic) and other inhibitory (nor-adrenergic) components

LAW2112 European Single Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LAW2112 European Single Market - Essay Example However, under Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 issued on October 15 1968 on freedom of movement, which renders inapplicable statutory, administrative and regulatory provisions that have the effect of limiting the employment of nationals of other Member States and are not applicable to its own citizens or even if applicable but has the chief aim of hindering the employment of the nationals of other Member States, linguistic requirements are held exempted. Put differently, a Member State may require workers from other Member States certain linguistic competence if the same â€Å"is required by reason of the nature of the post† (Article 3 s[1]) without violating the rule on national discrimination. If Greta is going to teach music within UK providing music lessons to students eight hours a week, she has the right to enjoy freedom of residence albeit temporarily under the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU as a person providing services of profession. Under Article 56 of the said Treaty on the right of establishment, EU citizens have the right to provide services anywhere within the EU even beyond their respective national borders. Services under the Treaty context may refer to either one of the following: activities of an industrial character; activities of a commercial character; activities of craftsmen, and; activities of the professions (Article 57, Treaty on the Functioning of the EU). Greta may come within the ambit of one giving services involving activities of the music profession. Costas cannot be rejected on the ground that being a postman is an â€Å"employment of public service† because it does not entail an exercise, directly or indirectly, of public power or the protection of the interest of the state. Under the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU, the freedom of movement of workers from one Member State to other Member States within the EU is not applicable to public service employment. Article 45, s (d) specifically states that

Support for High-Definition IP Cameras Assignment

Support for High-Definition IP Cameras - Assignment Example Another core advantage of the camera is the fact that it uses the Ethernet cable as the core suppliers of power, thus fitting the university requirements (PoE). It is applicable both in the indoor and outdoor settings. It has a 360o span of view, equipped with the rotating camera, thus making it possible for strategic positioning within the school halls, cafeteria, pavements and other areas that require adequate surveillance. It has HDTV options, providing high quality full HD images and videos, which is excellent for adequate surveillance. The organization should purchase up to 200 cameras, the same as the one prescribed above, which will be linked to one network, but will be segmented into individual units, with each having its own identity, through the use of its IP address, though they will all be managed by one administrator, which will constitute of the organization’s server, and a minor technology department that will be developed by the institution specifically for surveillance. These cameras will be operated with their location. For instance, the engineering school section of camera will all be operated by one person, though anyone within the surveillance office, or registered in the security management website, which will also be developed alongside the department, can access them from home or anywhere using the internet. The network management will decide on where the views can be accessed by the students within the school network and premises or if they will not have any security clearance to access any of the cameras. The cameras will all be positioned in areas where they cannot offer conflicting views, through the use of different angles of view, to prevent redundancy and duplication of images, view or videos. This will also prevent blind spots within the view. With these cameras being connected to computers, the storage uplink is definitely certified. The cameras also have temporary storage more than 1 GB. With

Evaluate the Range of Alternative International Assignment Forms Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the Range of Alternative International Assignment Forms Essay An international assignment of 3-5 years is usually considered as Long Term Assignment. One of the reasons that it is becoming extremely more expensive for MNE’s is due to the nature of the job scope and the International Assignee’s (IA) personal considerations. Interestingly, according to the 2009 Global Relocation Trends Survey [ (Brookfield Global Relocation Services, 2009) ] report, when multinational companies are relocating their employees for assignments overseas these days regardless of short or long term, they tend to dispatch older and more experienced employees due to the low risk of assignment failure. This is one of the reasons why it has become increasingly and extremely more expensive for MNE’s [ (Harzing, 1995) ]. Following the expatriate demographic provided by the survey, family concerns sit on top of the chart which remain the most overwhelming reason of 92% for assignment refusal and also the top reason for early returns from assignments which recorded at high of 27%. Historically, the top five challenges over the years of the survey have been family adjustment, partner resistance, difficult location, children’s education, and partner’s career [ (Borstorff, 1997) ]; [ (Brett, 1995) ]. These are also the reasons why it is difficult to find the right candidates with the right experience to fill the vacancy for long term assignment [ (Shaffer, 2001) ]. Antidotes for the Poisons Exploiting Other Alternatives Due to the above dilemma faced by most of the MNE’s, they are now looking at other alternatives which can provide them with the best ‘antidotes’ to the ‘poisons’ that are stinging them. The ranges of alternatives of international assignments that the multinational companies can consider apart from the long term assignment include short term, self-initiated, commuter, and virtual assignments. Short term assignments This type of assignments can last from a few weeks to months. According to the PricewaterhouseCooper’s survey 2001, there is a sharp increase of almost 60% in the popularity of companies implementing this approach in their respective organizations. This is due to the nature of these assignments which give the companies an ‘instant’ solution in resolving skills shortages and are in general easier to manage [ (Solomon, 1999) ]. Apart from that, in comparison with the long term assignments, short term assignments imposed lower cost to the companies due to the assignment length and duration. In addition, companies do not need to spend on relocation on their entire employees’ family and it is also a good means to circumvent family-related problems which can be seen in most of the traditional assignments such as family upheavel. Self-initiated assignments Over the years, there is this trend that is growing in numbers where the assignees make their arrangements to find work abroad and are employed on local work contracts. According to [ (Suutari, 2000) ], they have identified a series of distinct characteristics of the self-initiated assignees as compared to traditional expatriation. These characteristics, which may not be that ‘bull’s eye’ accurate, however does speaks most common assignees may have and practice. These include young and single, be more motivated in moving abroad due to interest in internationalism and poor employment situations at home, working for companies at lower hierarchical levels, and receive no repatriation promises and view their relocation as a more permanent move. The benefit of recruiting the self-initiated assignees is that it can offer companies the potential of not having to undertake preparation. In fact, the assignees recruited could have been resident in a particular location for years where they are well blend with the socio-cultural of the place. One of the drawbacks is that the assignees are not familiar with the organizational culture which until a certain extent where such familiarity is important will be driven by the nature of the assignment. Commuter assignments This type of assignment involves employees commuting from their home to an office in another country by means of travelling by land, sea or air. One of the examples would be employees travelling by airplane on a weekly or bi-weekly basis [ (Assignment types explained, 2012) ]. In contrast with short term assignments, the commuter assignments allow company to fill in the skills shortage without disrupting the employee’s spouse’s career or the children’s education or family affair. This gives the assignees the opportunity to work abroad without leaving their home when carrying out their assignments. However, the drawbacks of the assignment are the quality life of the assignees may be affected. This is due to the likelihood of the assignees returning late from work due to the unspeakable distance of commuting and not to mention the fatigue due to the travelling journey. This affects the communication and the quality time between the assignees and their family which further prolong may affect their emotional and indirectly affects their productivity in the company. Virtual assignments The assignees manage the variety of international activities across several countries which do not require the assignees to be physically relocated to a foreign organizational unit. Although relocation is not necessary but extensive travel is inevitable. The advantages of a virtual assignment seem to be overwhelming over the traditional expatriate assignment. Firstly, the assignees are less expensive due to their wages are paid on local basis (without expatriate allowance) but perhaps with travel expenses. With the increasing use of video conferencing and other communication development, it has narrow down the possibility of this approach and making it less necessary in the future. Secondly, there is no need for any special scheme for the assignees such as insurance, foreign social security, and pensions as they can stick back to only local scheme. This gives the company another cost saving solution and as well as cutting on the unnecessary procedure in establishing a new scheme for the assignees. Lastly and most importantly, the assignees work-life balance is not tremendously affected. The assignees do not need to move their family abroad and their children’s education are not affected. The current trend of expatriation 2011 As the global economy continues to improve, more and more companies are increasing their presence in the emerging market where international assignments have become key aspect in the global economic recovery. Following the reliable source from the 2011 Global Relocation Trends Survey published by Brookfield Global Relocation Services [ (Brookfield GRS 2011 Global Relocation Trends Survey Report, 2011) ], China is where they are heading. According to the survey, China ranked the most common new destination followed by Brazil, India and Singapore. In terms of difficulties, China still sits on top of the list followed by India, Russia and Brazil. This gives a good reflection of the assignee volume going into these locations and the competition for housing and schooling will create delays and difficulties to the relocation and at the same time giving negative impact on the relocation experience. Conclusion In order to draw a bottom line on the above discussion, I personally view that self-initiated assignment would be the acceptable form of assignment from my generation. The current trend is leaning more towards modern thinking and not being hold back by the conventional belief and thinking. Take for example, the young adult nowadays do not rush through their marriage at early age and the average marriage age have increased to over 30 years old in contradictory with 18-22 years old during the olden days. This has indirectly give an impact to the working trend where employees remain single till the age of over 30 years old and they tend to be mobile and not restricted to family pressure or spouse’s career. Coming to this modern generation, we are starting to adapt to a very competitive environment where the local market is getting more and more saturated. In order to overcome this matter, we have to go out from our home country to get a well-paid jobs rather than saturating further in the local market. Therefore, this type of assignment is some kind of ‘killing two birds with one stone’ where companies can expect to save cost by hiring these assignees on contract basis and the assignees can expect to earn higher foreign exchange rate wages overseas compared to working in their home country. Considering the mutual benefits from this type of assignments, in the coming future we can expect to see the self-initiated assignment to gain popularity among the companies and also the prospective employees.

How effectively do the functional areas in Lex Transfleet work together Essay Example for Free

How effectively do the functional areas in Lex Transfleet work together Essay Marketing and sales function Purpose of the marketing function: the marketing function makes sure that they are getting the right product to the right people at the right price. Crucial to the success of Lex Transfleet or any business. One of the objectives of Lex Transfleet is to To carry out research to improve its products and services. Lex Transfleet should make sure of the following: Product – finding out and producing what the customer’s wants, for example what van or truck rental services the customers need. Lex Transfleet will carry out research to find out what the customers want and what demand there is for that service and they will try to fulfil that so that they have more customers who are interested in their services. Price – Fixing the price at which the customers will buy the product so that when the customers are interested in the products and different services they will want to know how much money they will be giving for this product or service and it will be easier for Lex Transfleet as they will know the price for this because they have already set it. Promotion Deciding how they are going to promote their product using advertising, publicity and special offers and when Lex Transfleet does this they will attract more customers and their company will get more famous. Place – This is where the sales function comes in, the sales function will help Lex Transfleet decide on where and how they are going to sell the product; whether it is locally, nationally, over the phone or the internet. I think they work quiet affectively together because they share an improvement which means they get each others opinions on how to change things to make them better. Sales is the last part of the marketing strategy which means to sell the product after the prices, promoting, places and products are all don’t and updated so the customers will be satisfied knowing that Lex Transfleet is giving them a good secure and safe product it is important that these things are accurate because they are the main reason the business is up and running without them there is no business. Products and the Customers Lex Transfleet will need to get to know their customer and what the customer wants for example a customer will want to hire out a truck but for that Lex Transfleet will need to know what kind of a truck or van that is an check if they do them type of trucks. A customer – a customer is a person who buys a product for e.g. someone comes to Lex Transfleet and hires out a truck the person who hires it is the customer. A consumer Is the person that uses the product for example if a truck is hired out for someone else to drive it he/she is then known as the consumer. Consumer types: The market is made up of different types of consumers as it has different segments trying to sell the product to everyone will not work for example selling expensive products to poor people. Consumers can be classified by: Age Gender Wealth and income Geographical area Lifestyle (fashion and taste) Lex Transfleet carries out a research into people, businesses and the governments to find out what type of vans, trucks and services they require. They link this with the finance function to get finance to carry out the research and advertising. They also link this with the Human resources to get the employees as they recruit and select people and researchers to carry out the research and get HR to train them for example induction training. The wages are paid by the finance function to pay for researchers and this means it is then auditable because it is recorded and so all the functional areas can work together to meet the aims and objectives effectively. Market research involves field (primary) and desk (secondary) research: Primary research – this involves communicating directly with the consumer to find out what they exactly it is that they need. Lex Transfleet carry out questionnaires and they invite customers to their business to interview them and this is what helps them with their research to meet there customers needs better. Lex Transfleet can also give loyalty cards which records every item bought by the customer. Secondary Research: Involves publish material for example reference books, statistics and marketing reports by specialist companies. This allows the marketing and sales department to find out information about consumers income and expenditure. Government publications also have information about spending, population changes, household information and family income. Pricing The price of the truck rental service needs to be fixed in Lex Transfleet and the reason for this is because Lex Transfleet wants to: Make profit – Lex Transfleet wants to cover the cost of it trucks so it does not make a loss in the business. Beating competition – Lex Transfleet will want other businesses to rent the trucks from them instead of competitors by keeping prices low and maximising sales which will attract more customers to come and buy trucks and other services from them. Providing a quality product or service – Lex Transfleet will need to make sure it is not undercharging for its services and products because customer will pay high prices for better products so this also means they will not have any loss in the profit. Lex Transfleet has also changed its name to RAC plc as it is branded and it will attract more customers. Promoting the product The Promotion Process involves the following which Lex Transfleet does: Advertising – informing the public or other businesses about Lex Transfleets products and services, e.g. they use the internet, newspapers. Branding – Lex Transfleet makes sure they create an image of the product or service in an attractive way Lex Transfleet has changed it name recently to ‘RAC’. Having a logo to and image to persuade customers to use them. Packaging – Lex Transfleet presents the product in an attractive way so the trucks have M.O.T and are safe and practical to use. Publicity – in the media which mean special promotions and sponsor which Lex Transfleet have on their website. Lex Transfleet have had good publicity in the news paper and press so get positive image. Give special offers to big companies who rent lots of trucks and for longer. They do have a website which they are on http://www.lvl.co.uk/vans/van_info/lex_transfleet.php giving promotion to subscribe to a van and light truck magazine. Place Involves selling the product for example selling the vans and truck rental services all over the U.K and they have a website which can attract customers. Lex Transfleet sell truck rental services directly to the customer which is safe. Lex Transfleet will give customers a quote through their internet using online bookings or emailing them and over the phone. Lex Transfleet uses telesales for selling to the customer over the phone so they will need call centre staff. Direct mail which Lex Transfleet uses to send their brochures out the businesses. E-commerce Lex Transfleet sell their services over the internet through their website you have to email them first to get a quote Lex Transfleet uses ICT in the marketing and sales function for: advertising and website, keeping customer’s profiles on the system, online marketing and also finding out research on their competitors by looking at the internet and other websites. Human Resources Function Purpose of the human resources function: Deals with hiring, firing and well being of the staff and all other functions for example sales and marketing, administration and finance ect. So it can run effectively. In Lex Transfleet they will need to deal with: Recruitment of staff which means that Lex Transfleet will need to be advertising vacancies liaise with finance for costs and payment, how many people to recruit. Disciplining and dismissing staff in other functions to run smoothly and to reduce costs. Training and development and promoting of staff which will liaise with finance for cost of training and other functional areas to check who needs training for example in Lex Transfleet induction and health and safety or other courses are taken place for this and if someone is in the sales and marketing function they will need training to do the job properly. Maintaining good working conditions of the staff and Health and safety in Lex Transfleet. Looking after employee and the business relationship and liaising with other functional areas like sales and marketing to find out how well the staff in Lex Transfleet are doing and rewarding staff by giving pay rises and liaise with finance about budget to give pay rises. Dealing with employee organisation for example the trade unions. The employees and the business have rights and responsibilities and Human Resources have to deal with this and make sure staff is aware of this in Lex Transfleet. Interest of employees protected by the trade union and by staff associations and also the rights of the employees protected by the employment laws liaise functional areas to make sure there is a safe working environment in Lex Transfleet. Everything is recorded so the employee will know if they have made any mistakes and need to improve or they have met their needs. Operations and management function Purpose of the management function: This function transforms the business resources into products and services for example operations which is the production of a goods or service. Land machinery – Lex Transfleet needs to find land, offices, call centres, machinery or equipment required and need to get information from other functions to get the right amount. Machinery equipment – Lex Transfleet has software, computers, photocopiers which the business needs. People who work there and for the business call centre staff, mangers, supervisors, operator’s consultants, accountants, specialists, solicitors. Materials and stock used by the business – trucks that are brought, truck parts, stationary, computers, software. Factors of production Land – the offices , buildings Labour- the people who work there Capital –the money invested into the business Enterprise –the input of the entrepreneur The resources used by Lex Transfleet will have to be paid for. This results on costs for the business for example wages, rent, rates, materials, stock, electricity, phone bills all of these have to be dealt with the finance department. When operations in Lex Transfleet are trying to produce a product or service it will have to look at its costs to manufacture that item or service and it will have to make sure that the sales department will cover the day to day costs and the greater the added value the greater the possible profit. So the more money they get from sales and they take away that from the running cost they get profit. Efficiency and productivity Efficiency means – making the most for the resources for example good productivity by the staff and also the number of sales made by staff in Lex Transfleet or the number of calls taken by the employee. Some employees paid a bonus for selling more services and also to motivate them to make more sales for Lex Transfleet. Quality assurance quality assurance is very important as it means more returns to the businesses. Quality control of a service or product is very important for feedback to the marketing department. Operation check with sales as they monitor the calls and make sure the quality of service is very good. Sales liaise with Human Resources to give training to customers in Lex Transfleet. Operations liaise with Human resources to give training operation staff. Operations also monitor number of complaint and reasons for complaint to minimise this and improve services better by liaising with sales team to find out what their customer views are as they are in the front line and dealing with customers on a regular basis. Operations liaise with marketing to get information about customer demand, competitor information and lots more. Operations also check with sales function to check which items/services are selling more to make decision about producing more or less of these goods or services and then contacting the marketing function to either advertise more or less. Operations will liaise with finance to buy more or less to expand and liaise with Hr to get more staff. Finance Function Purpose of the finance function: To control inflow and outflow of money in the business and is also closely involved in the production of goods or services and links in with other functions of the business and senior management. Finance department Other functional areas Sales of products have to be recorded Sales Cost relating to the production have to be recorded Money has to be raised for producing the services and products (sales staff, trucks, offices) Operations/production Bills have to be paid Administration Wages have to paid Human resources Accounts have to be kept to calculate profit and loss All departments above Financial planning reports have to prepared Senior management In Lex Transfleet the finance department looks like this the table below shows this as the finance director. Finance director Financial accounting Costing and budgeting Managing finance Payroll Recording transactions Keeping accounts Preparing reports for the senior management Working out the cost of the product and services. Interpreting past costs and income Setting targets for cost and income Working out what resources are needed Raising capital and loan to finance the resources Rescoring hours worked by employees Calculating pay and deducting tax Financial accounting All transactions have to be recorded. Sales of the products and services from the sales department so they are auditable as they are recorded. Purchases made for stock or material from the operations department again so it’s recorded. Each type of expense for example electricity, bill rent, and wages are from the administration department. Wages is the information collected from the Human resources function so employees are paid on time and correct. Debtors are people who owe the business money for example the customers who have brought a product and still haven’t given the money for it. Creditors are people whom the business owes money for example if Lex Transfleet has brought something from somewhere e.g. a truck then they owe the money to the suppliers if they haven’t yet paid for it. Accounting ICT used to records all the transaction and special accounting software used to records wages. Financial statement is produced for management and this shows profit and loss and also, helps management monitor the main aims and objectives of the business the information on financial statements are on computer databases and so computers prepare the accounts automatically Finance produce 2 main accounts: Profit and loss shows sales figures form the sales functions, expenses from all functions and then can calculate the profit. The balance sheet shows how much the business owns and owes. Costing and budgeting this is how the function works together: Operations tell the finance of the cost of raw material purchased, for example trucks, tyres, equipment purchased by Lex Transfleet. The cost of paying the wages for the employees working for Lex Transfleet which the human resources function will let them know about. Other expenses such as: Bills which are the costs from administrations function. Electricity, water, rates, stationary are also in the administrations function. Advertising , promoting the business – sales and marketing function and they communicate with administration function so the suppliers are paid on time. The Finance function has to liaise with other functional areas to calculate the costs for making the product and service to ensure that there is a sufficient finance to cover the costs and also the business is making the most of efficient use of its resources. Budgeting Finance has to set budgets there are two kinds of budgets, a sales budget I used to forecast the income of the business from sales, and a production budget which is used to plan for the cost for producing the service for example cost for buying trucks and hiring people. Both Budgets will monitor the actual figures with forecasted and if the figures do not match for examples sales figures then they will liaise sales function to change their forecast or with marketing to advertise and promote the services better. Raising finance are the Long term finance needs which are used for investing in premises, trucks, machinery, computers and lots more, and theirs short term needs which is like buying stock for example trucks, paying bills, and paying wages. Finance has to raise money for the other functions such as marketing, sales, operation and administration to finance their expenditure so that the activities can takes place to meet Lex Transfleets aims and objectives. Payroll Works out pay and deduction of tax and national insurance of its employees and it gets it information from the Human Resources function and it is done by computers in Lex Transfleet as it is a large Plc and also uses computer payroll programmes as they are faster and very accurate., so the employees are happy as they will be being paid properly and accurately. Administration Function Purpose of the administration function: Administration is making sure that the right resources are in the right place at the right time. The administration function makes the business run smoothly and makes sure that: Paper in the photocopiers Paper in the loo Premises are safe Telephone messages are passed on Administration and communication: Information and messages such as enquiries, orders, complaints from external sources. Callers with or without appointment will call in and different functions will communicate with each their for the day to day running of the business these methods include paper, documents, telephone, fact, internal email and meeting. If finance needs to meet with operation function to make decisions the administration function will arrange it for example if a customer wants a meeting with the sales team the administration function will arrange it. The marketing function is done by: Sales so that they get records of customers, finance so they get to process accounts and payroll. Opening and distributing post when it arrives to all other functions and collecting and stamping the post going out at the end if the day from all other functions. Operating and telephone switchboard which means transferring these calls to the relevant people in other functions. Dealing with callers to premises and directing them to the relevant functions. Designing and printing forms for all the different functions and also filling and database maintenance and making sure the premises are clean and secure: Cleaning can be outsourced in Lex Transfleet which means using external companies which come and carry this out so the place is clean and safe for employees and visitors.

Light in Interior Architecture: Annotated Bibliography

Light in Interior Architecture: Annotated Bibliography Architecture and space are always defined by light. Architecture is the masterly, correct and magnificent play of masses brought together in the light and our eyes are made to see forms in light, said Le Corbusier. (Curtis, 1987) light become more important part of the interior architecture. Le Corbusier thinks the characteristic features of architectural spaces only come to life with light and there are no architecture spaces without light. Hence light is the way it is arranged gives an appreciation of the space and generates specific emotive and aesthetic responses. The architect, through the different forms of light, realizes an order that is a pure creation of peoples mind and the light affects our senses intensely. The light deep resonances to influence architecture and control space. It is undeniable that sometimes in a building environment, shape, color or light can be used as a theme element, that is, the creator wants to highlight a certain aspect of the information. And app reciation is indeed in this area has been clear and strong feelings. But despite this, the emphasis on one aspect does not mean that this factor can accomplish the creation of the whole atmosphere and that it must be used synthetically. Since we look at the architecture interior space changed, the modern architecture also starts to focus on the light. They use the artificial lighting as the main method to gives a new definition to space. Richard Kelly was one of the pioneers of this techniques Glass House was the significant artificial lighting works by Philip Johnson and Richard Kelly. At some transparent architecture, the biggest challenge is the clear glass which turns into a mirror at night and to reflecting the interior lighting. By illuminating the surrounding trees and minimizing the interior lighting has played a flow from the daytime into the night. In The Structure of light (Meden, 2011) Articles, it reflected his theory of lighting. That was a great influenced by the light effects found in nature. Nowadays his terminology is used to describe some conceptual background for numerous lighting solutions. In particular, his concept of distinct types of lighting: Focal glow and ambient luminescence. Focal glow is for Kelly a way to point out important elements and the Ambient luminescence is the background lighting that serves to perceive the environment in general. Use Artificial lighting to creating architecture space become central to our modern architecture and Kellys perspective is a valuable source of inspiration to use lighting to creating images of such iconic power. According to the traditional Japanese interpretation, architecture is always connected with nature. Further connections with nature are effected by the subtle transformations caused in part by delicate contrasts of light and shade. (Pare, 1996) So, Thus, you can clearly see the natural light performance in Andos architecture. In Japan, the Church of the Light was one of Tadao Andos signature Japanese architectural style work. The Church of the Light clearly pointed out that Andos personal architecture characteristic between nature and architecture, through the way in which light can define spaces is also can through the light to create new space perceptions equally. The Church of the Light was completed in 1999. The church of light focus on the cross. Andos to put the cross on the east facade allows for light to pour into space throughout the early morning and into the day. It has a dematerializing effect on the interior concrete walls transforming the dark volume and bring it from d arkness to light. Use the simple medium of creating a pure, unadorned space. The intersection of light and solid raises the temporal and spiritual cognition of audience. As a modern architecture, those minimalist structures use lots of factors of light into interior space. light is an important controlling factor in Andos architecture. Light is the original source and the wellspring of all the laws of nature, whether known to human science or not. In Kahns words, matter is extinguished light. When light ceases to be light it becomes matter. Silence tends to express something, and light creates it, gives It form. (Giurgola, 1979, p. 16) Another different contrast or form of light is the shadow to express the meaning of light. Louis I. Kahn in this regard also made great achievements and he believed that the dark shadow is a natural part of the light, Kahn never attempted a space for a formal effect with no light. For him, a rarely of light to show the level of darkness: A plan of a building should be read like a harmony of spaces in light. Even a space intended to be dark should have just enough light from some mysterious opening to tell us how dark it is. Each space must be defined by its structure and the character of its natural light. (Kahn, 1993, p. 36) Thus, the light as a source is often hidden behind louvers or secondary walls, thus concentrating attention on the effect of the light and not on its origin. Like the MIKVEH ISRAEL SYNAGOGUE, Louis I. Kahn works on the ceiling, the ceiling as a smooth and white surface, when the wall opening, it will cast starkly pronounced patterns of shadow and light o to this surface. It is the particular technique in his architectural forms. Material lives by light, Wrote Louis I. Kahn. You are spent light, the mountains are spent light, the trees are spent light, the atmosphere is spent light. All material is spent light. (Giurgola, 1979, p. 36) As for the performance of the texture of the material, but also with the help of the role of light. Such as the original band structure arranged together in the suns exposure, in addition to the structure itself, the three-dimensional sense of the obvious, but also for the wall or the ground shed a shadow, this change in the formation of a visual contrast, also stressed the rhythm of the building and the depth of space, often gives a clear, simple impression. le Corbusier use the site of Ronchamp to make the establish relationship between the light and materials. Corbusier wanted the space to be meditative and reflective in purpose.   The stark white walls add to this purist mentality that when the light enters the chapel there becomes this washed out, ethereal atmosphere.   The effect of the light evokes expressive and emotional qualities that create heightened sensations in tune with the religious activities. The walls of Ronchamp give the building its sculptural char acter and each wall becomes illuminated by these differing window frames, which in conjunction with the stark whitewashed walls gives the walls luminous qualities punctuated by a more intense direct light. Rather the light is what defines and gives meaning to the chapel experientially. References Curtis, W., 1987. Le Corbusier: nature and tradition. London: Arts Council of Great Britain. Meden, R., 2011. The Structure of light: Richard Kelly and the illumination of modern architecture. Richard Kelly and the illumination of modern architecture, 48(12), p. 2299. Pare, T. a. 1.-R., 1996. ando,tadao,1941-;ArchitectureJapanHistory20th century. London: Phaidon. Baek, J., 2009. Shintai and the Empty Cross: Tadao Andos Church of the Light. Architectural Theory Review, 01 04, pp. 55-70. Giurgola, R., 1979. Louis I. Kahn. 5th Spanish/English ed. ed. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili . Kahn, U. B. 1.-. L. I., 1993. Louis I. Kahn : Licht und Raum = light and space. Basel ; Boston: Birkhà ¤user Verlag.